![]() ![]() For example, in one meta-analysis study done in 2009, the pooled prevalence estimate of adult ADHD was 2.5% (95% CI 2.1–3.1). However, the prevalence of ADHD in adults is lower than the corresponding prevalence estimate in children and adolescents. In a recent meta-analysis which included 179 ADHD prevalence estimates, the pooled prevalence estimate of ADHD in children and adolescents was 7.2% (95% confidence interval: 6.7 to 7.8). ![]() The first one is the predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I) which describes individuals with maladaptive levels of inattention, but not hyperactivity–impulsivity the second is the predominantly hyperactive–impulsive type (ADHD-H) which is characterized by maladaptive levels of hyperactivity–impulsivity, but not inattention, and finally, the combined type (ADHD-C) which describes individuals who exhibit significant symptoms of both inattention and hyperactivity–impulsivity. In DSM-5, three main nominal subtypes of ADHD are identified which are mainly based on the differential elevation of two dimensions of inattention symptoms and hyperactivity–impulsivity symptoms. ADHD often persists into adulthood, with resultant impairments of social, academic, and occupational functioning. In childhood, ADHD frequently overlaps with other mental disorders including oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder. Hyperactivity–impulsivity entails overactivity, fidgeting, inability to stay seated, intruding into other people's activities, and inability to wait-symptoms that are excessive or age or developmental level. Inattention and disorganization involve failure to stay on task, seeming not to listen, and losing materials, at levels that are not consistent with age or developmental level. #Brown attention deficit disorder scales for adolescents manualThe Diagnostic Statistical Manual of fifth revision, DSM-5, defines ADHD as a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairing levels of inattention, disorganization, and/or hyperactivity–impulsivity. Greater attention needs to be paid to the prevention and treatment of ADHD. The predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I) was the most common type of ADHD in both males and females. The prevalence of ADHD was considerably greater in males than in females. Our systematic review suggested a higher prevalence of ADHD (7.47%) in children and adolescents in Africa, indicating that ADHD is a serious public health problem in children and adolescents in Africa. The funnel plot and Egger's regression tests provided no evidence of substantial publication bias in the prevalence of ADHD. The predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I) was the most common type of ADHD in both boys (4.05%) and girls (2.21%). In our subgroup analysis, the predominantly inattentive type (ADHD-I) was found to be the most common subtype of ADHD, followed by hyperactive–impulsive type (ADHD-HI) and the combined type (ADHD-C) with the prevalence of 2.95%, 2.77%, and 2.44% respectively. The prevalence of ADHD was apparently greater in boys (10.60%) than in girls (5.28%) with a male:female ratio of 2.01:1. The pooled prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents in Africa was 7.47% (95% CI 60–9.26). ![]() Of these, 12 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in the final analysis. In the present meta-analysis, 7452 articles were initially identified and evaluated. We assessed potential publication bias using Egger's test and visual inspection of the symmetry in funnel plots. Heterogeneity across the studies was evaluated using Cochran's Q- and the I 2-test. Subgroup and sensitivity analysis was carried out based on the study setting, tools used to measure ADHD, sex of participants, and the subtype of ADHD. We also looked at the reference lists of included studies to include other relevant studies. Methodsįollowing the PRISMA guideline, we systematically reviewed and meta-analyzed studies that investigated the prevalence of ADHD in Africa from three electronic databases (PubMed, Embase, and Scopus). ![]() Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to estimate the prevalence of ADHD in Africa. However, no review has been conducted to report the consolidated magnitude of ADHD in children and adolescents in Africa. ADHD in children has been associated with a wide range of developmental deficits including limitations of learning or control of executive functions as well as global impairments of social skills. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common neurodevelopmental disorders in childhood and adolescence, affecting 2.2 to 17.8% of all school-aged children and adolescents. ![]()
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